1, carbon (C): increase the carbon content of steel, yield strength and tensile strength increase, but the plasticity and impact resistance is reduced, when carbon content more than 0.23%, bad welding properties of the steel, so used in low alloy structural steel, carbon content should not exceed 0.20%. High carbon content will reduce the steel atmospheric corrosion resisting ability, it is easy to rust in high carbon steel strip material field; in addition, carbon steel can increase the cold brittleness and aging sensitivity.
2, the silicon (Si): silicon additive in steel-making process as a reducing agent and deoxidizer, so calm steel containing 0.15 - 0.30% silicon. If the silicon content in steel is more than 0.50-0.60%, even if the silicon alloy elements. Silicon could significantly increase the elastic limit of steel, yield strength and tensile strength, it is widely used for spring steel. Join 1.01.2% silicon in the quenched and tempered steel, the strength can be increased from 15% to 20%. Silicon and molybdenum, tungsten, chromium and so on, has the effect of improving corrosion resistance and antioxidation, can produce heat resistant steel. Low carbon steel containing silicon 1 - 4%, with high permeability, used in electrical industry as silicon steel sheet. Silicon content increases, will reduce the steel welding performance.
3, Mn (Mn): in the steelmaking process, manganese is deoxidizer and desulfurizer good, ordinary steel containing manganese 0.30 - 0.50%. In plain carbon steel adding more than 0.70% even "steel", than the general steel quantity of steel not only have enough toughness, and has high strength and hardness, improve hardenability steel, heat processing and improve the performance of the steel, such as 16Mn steel than the A3 yield point 40%. Has the extremely high wear resistance of manganese containing 11 - 14% steel, used excavator buckets, ball mill lining plate. Manganese content increased, weaken the steel corrosion resistance, reduce the welding performance.
4, P (P): in general, phosphorus is a harmful elements in steel, increase the cold brittle steel, the welding performance deterioration, reduce the plasticity, the bad performance of the cold. So usually require steel phosphorous content of less than 0.045%, high quality steel requires less. 5, sulfur (S): sulfur in general is also harmful elements. The steel brittleness, reduce the ductility and toughness of the steel, resulting in cracks in the forging and rolling. Sulfur is also disadvantageous to the welding performance, reduce corrosion resistance. So usually require a sulfur content less than 0.055%, high quality steel is less than 0.040%. Join the 0.08-0.20% sulfur in steel, can improve the machinability of free cutting steel, often called.
6, chromium (Cr): in the structural steel and tool steel, chromium can significantly improve the strength, hardness and wear resistance, but also reduce the plasticity and toughness. Chromium and steel can improve the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, so it is important for stainless steel, heat-resistant steel alloy elements. 7, nickel (Ni): nickel can increase the strength of steel, and maintain good plasticity and toughness. Nickel is higher on the acid-base corrosion resistance, corrosion and heat resistance at high temperature. But because the nickel is a scarce resource, therefore, should try to use other alloy elements to substitute nickel chromium steel. 8, molybdenum (Mo): molybdenum can make the grain refining of steel, improve the hardenability and heat resistant properties, enough strength and creep resistance at high temperature (keep long been under high temperature stress, deformation, called creep). Addition of molybdenum in steel structure, can improve the mechanical properties.
Can also be inhibited due to fire alloy steel brittleness. In tool steels can improve the red. 9, titanium (Ti): titanium steel strong deoxidizing agent. It can make the internal structure of steel density, grain refining capacity; reduce aging sensitivity and cold brittleness. To improve the welding performance. Adding titanium in CR 18 Ni 9 austenitic stainless steel, can avoid the intergranular corrosion. 10, vanadium (V): vanadium steel is an excellent deoxidizing agent. Steel with 0.5% vanadium can refine the grain size, increase the strength and toughness. Vanadium and carbon formation of carbides, under high temperature and high pressure can improve the corrosion resistance of hydrogen capacity. 11, tungsten (W): tungsten high melting point, than the major alloying elements, is your life. Tungsten and carbon formation of tungsten carbide with high hardness and good wear resistance. In the tool steel and tungsten, can significantly increase the red hardness and heat resistance, as a tool and die cutting.
12, niobium (Nb): niobium can refine grains and reduce overheating sensitivity and temper brittleness, steel strength increased, but the plasticity and toughness decrease. The addition of niobium in common low-alloy steel, can improve the atmospheric corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance to hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia corrosion. Niobium can improve welding performance. The addition of niobium in austenitic stainless steel, which can prevent the intergranular corrosion phenomenon.
13, cobalt (Co): cobalt is rare and precious metal, used in special steel and alloy, such as heat resistant steel and magnetic materials.
14, copper (Cu): Wuhan Iron and steel with Daye ore smelting steel, often containing copper. Copper can improve the strength and toughness, especially the atmospheric corrosion performance. The drawback is easy to produce hot shortness in thermal processing, copper content of more than 0.5% plastic significantly reduced. When the copper content of less than 0.50% had no effect on the weldability. 15, aluminum (Al): aluminum is used in steel deoxidizing agent. The addition of a small amount of aluminum in steel, refine the grain, improve the impact toughness of 08Al steel, such as deep drawing sheet. Aluminum also has the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, aluminum and chromium, silicon combined, can significantly improve the steel temperature not skin resistance and high temperature corrosion resistance ability. Aluminum drawback is the effect of heat processing performance, the performance of the steel and the cutting performance of welding.
16, the boron (B): adding trace boron in steel can improve the compactness and hot rolling properties of steel, improve the strength. 17, n (N): nitrogen can increase the strength of steel, low temperature toughness and weldability, increasing aging sensitivity.
18, the rare earth (Xt): rare earth element refers to the periodic table of elements with atomic number 15 lanthanide 57-71. These elements are metal, but their oxides like "soil", so called rare earth. The addition of the rare earth steel, can change the distribution of composition, morphology, and the characteristics of inclusion in steel, so as to improve the performance of steel, such as toughness, weldability, cold working properties. The addition of the rare earth in the share of steel, which can improve the wear resistance.
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